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Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are acidifying the oceans and threaten a mass extinction of sea life, a top ocean scientist warns.
Dr Carol Turley from Plymouth Marine Laboratory says it is impossible to know how marine life will cope, but she fears many species will not survive.
Since the Industrial Revolution, CO2 emissions have already turned the sea about 30% more acidic, say researchers.
It is more acidic now than it has been for at least 500,000 years, they add.
The problem is set to worsen as emissions of the greenhouse gas increase through the 21st Century.
“I am very worried for ocean ecosystems which are currently productive and diverse,” Carol Turely told BBC News.
“I believe we may be heading for a mass extinction, as the rate of change in the oceans hasn’t been seen since the dinosaurs.
“It may have a major impact on food security. It really is imperative that we cut emissions of CO2.”
Dr Turley is chairing a session on ocean acidification at the Copenhagen Climate Change Congress.
Testing times
The problem is most acute for creatures which make calcified shells.
Laboratory tests suggest starfish may be wiped out before the end of the century if current emissions trends continue.
Scientists fear mussels may not be able to cope, either. Oysters may be less vulnerable, and farmed oysters may fare better than wild oysters.
“One thing is certain,” says Dr Turley. “Things will change. We just don’t know yet exactly how they will change.
“It is not a very wise experiment to be making.”
Professor Andy Watson, an ocean biologist from the University of East Anglia, believes climate change and overfishing may ruin the seas before acidification does.
He condemns increases in CO2 from human activities, but points out that ocean acidity also fluctuates naturally.
He also wonders if some creatures might adapt to the changes over time.
“(In) many of the experiments that are being done at the moment, sudden changes are made; the CO2 is quickly raised, for example, or the acidity is quickly raised.
“Of course, that’s not really what will happen in the real world,” he told BBC News.
“There will be instead a gradual ramping up of CO2 and acidity. And we don’t know whether organisms will be able to adapt or how quickly they’ll be able to adapt.”
Professor Tony Knapp runs the BIOS institute in Bermuda, where some of the key measurements of acidity are taken.
He defends his conclusion that the recent increase in acidity has been caused by CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels.
“It took me a long time to determine that I was convinced… I’m a cynic at heart.
“But if you look at the data, and you’re intimate with the data, there’s really no other conclusion you could make”.
Stormy waters
On the island of Ischia, in the Bay of Naples, Italy, scientists believe they have evidence that many creatures will fail to adapt to increased acidification.
The seawater around a part of the island has been more acidic for thousands of years thanks to volcanic CO2 vents that turn the seabed into a sort of jacuzzi.
If research here presents an accurate picture of future oceans, the prospects for shell-forming organisms are bleak.
Some of the creatures that appear to survive increased levels of acidity in short-term laboratory studies are not present here in the real world at the same levels of pH.
“We are very worried,” says Dr Jason Hall-Spencer from Plymouth University, who researches the site with help from the Naples-based Benthic Ecology Laboratory at Stazione Zoologica.
“The changes here have clearly made life impossible for shell-forming creatures.
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