Groupers

Serranidae

When people talk about coral reefs, fishermen tend to shrug their shoulders and complain about snagged lines and torn nets. But when you talk about groupers, they suddenly sit up and pay attention. Groupers are among the economicallymost important fishes of the coral reef, because of their popularity as food. Yetwithout the coral reef there would probably be no groupers. For this reason, groupers are an extremely important indicator species and your record of theirexistence or non-existence during your dive tells us a lot.

The Dusky Grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) feeds on octopi, crustaceans (crabs) and fishes. It lives on rocky bottoms very close to the coasts. Because of its enormous final size (1,5 meters of length) it is the most impressive coastal fish. It is reef associated and it can live up to 50 years. It is highly territorial and it lives solitary. They occur from 5 to 300 meters of depth. It is also named Epinephelus guaza and is considered as a precious food fish.

The Goliath Grouper (Epinephelus itajara), sometimes called the jewfish, is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Found in shallow, inshore waters to depths of 45m, this indicator prefers areas of rock, coral, and mud bottoms. The jewfish is notable as one of the few groupers found in brackish waters. Strikingly patterned juveniles inhabit mangroves and brackish estuaries, especially near oyster bars. This fish is solitary by nature, with the adults occupying limited home ranges. It is territorial near areas of refuge such as caves, wrecks, and ledges, displaying an open mouth and quivering body to intruders. It feeds on crustaceans and it can reach lengths of 2.5m, weighing up to 450kg.

There is anecdotal evidence of Goliaths stalking and attempting to eat divers! Like all indicators, it is valuable if you can record the particular species you sight. However, recording the total number of groupers is just as important. The species that you might encounter during your dive in the South America – Pacific Coast tropical eco-region are listed below:

Black Grouper Mycteroperca bonaci
Coney Grouper Cephalopholis fulva
Graysby Grouper Cephalopholis cruentata
Itajara (aka Goliath or Jewfish) Epinephelus itajara
Misty Grouper Epinephelus mystacinus
Mutton Hamlet Grouper Alphestes afer
Nassau Grouper (Endangered – IUCN) Epinephelus striatus
Red Grouper Epinephelus morio
Red Hind Grouper Epinephelus guttatus
Rock Hind Grouper Epinephelus adscensionis
Snowy Grouper (Vulnerable – IUCN) Epinephelus niveatus
Speckled Hind Grouper (Critically endangered – IUCN) Epinephelus drummondhayi
Tiger Grouper Mycteroperca tigris